12. Linux

12.1. output to screen, stderr and text file

Output to both stderr and displayed at terminal/console:

$ command 2>&1 | tee logfile.txt

Chart for StdOut/StdErr

           || visible in terminal ||   visible in file   || existing
  Syntax  ||  StdOut  |  StdErr  ||  StdOut  |  StdErr  ||   file
==========++==========+==========++==========+==========++===========
    >     ||    no    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    || overwrite
    >>    ||    no    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
   2>     ||   yes    |    no    ||    no    |   yes    || overwrite
   2>>    ||   yes    |    no    ||    no    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
   &>     ||    no    |    no    ||   yes    |   yes    || overwrite
   &>>    ||    no    |    no    ||   yes    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
 | tee    ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    || overwrite
 | tee -a ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |    no    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
 n.e. (*) ||   yes    |   yes    ||    no    |   yes    || overwrite
 n.e. (*) ||   yes    |   yes    ||    no    |   yes    ||  append
          ||          |          ||          |          ||
|& tee    ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |   yes    || overwrite
|& tee -a ||   yes    |   yes    ||   yes    |   yes    ||  append

n.e -> won’t fit in this space

12.2. Upgrade Python in Ubuntu 18+

# check version
$ python3 --version # or
$ python --version
# install python 3.8
$ sudo apt update -y
$ sudo apt install python3.7
# add python 3.7 and python 3.8 to update-alternatives
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.7 1
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3 /usr/bin/python3.8 2
# update python3 to point to python 3.8
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python3
$ sudo update-alternatives --config python3
# You will get the following output
There are 2 choices for the alternative python3 (providing /usr/bin/python3).

  Selection    Path                Priority   Status
------------------------------------------------------------
* 0            /usr/bin/python3.7   1         auto mode
  1            /usr/bin/python3.7   1         manual mode
  2            /usr/bin/python3.8   2         manual mode

Press <enter> to keep the current choice[*], or type selection number:
# update by pressing 2

Alternative update choice, create a new symlink to python 3.8:

$ sudo rm /usr/bin/python3
$ sudo ln -s python3.8 /usr/bin/python3

Thanks to ‘<https://dev.to/serhatteker/how-to-upgrade-to-python-3-7-on-ubuntu-18-04-18-10-5hab>’_